基本信息
| 标准名称： | 油泵动力装置 |
| 中标分类： |
航空、航天 >>
航空器及其附件 >>
动力安装与操纵 |
| 替代情况： | HB 928-68;被HB 928-2000代替 |
| 发布日期： | 1983-05-23 |
| 实施日期： | 1983-07-01 |
| 首发日期： | |
| 作废日期： | |
| 出版日期： | |
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前言
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引用标准
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所属分类： 航空 航天 航空器及其附件 动力安装与操纵
【英文标准名称】:StandardGuideforDeterminationoftheBioaccumulationofSediment-AssociatedContaminantsbyBenthicInvertebrates
【原文标准名称】:使用底栖无脊椎动物测定沉淀相关污染物的生物蓄积性的标准指南
【标准号】:ASTME1688-2010
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:美国
【发布日期】:2010
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:美国材料与试验协会(US-ASTM)
【起草单位】:E47.03
【标准类型】:(Guide)
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:
【英文主题词】:bioavailability;freshwaterinvertebrates;marineinvertebrates;sediment-associatedcontaminants;sedimentbioaccumulation;Contamination--soil;Ecologicalconsiderations;Estuarineenvironments--collectingbenthicmacroinvertebrates;Freshwater--co
【摘要】:Sedimentexposureevaluationsareacriticalcomponentforbothecologicalandhumanhealthriskassessments.Credible,cost-effectivemethodsarerequiredtodeterminetherateandextentofbioaccumulationgiventhepotentialimportanceofbioaccumulationbybenthicorganisms.Standardizedtestmethodstoassessthebioavailabilityofsediment-associatedcontaminantsarerequiredtoassistinthedevelopmentofsedimentqualityguidelines(1,2,3)andtoassessthepotentialimpactsofdisposalofdredgematerials(4).Theextenttowhichsediment-associatedcontaminantsarebiologicallyavailableandbioaccumulatedisimportantinordertoassesstheirdirecteffectsonsediment-dwellingorganismsandassesstheirtransporttohighertrophiclevels.Controlledstudiesarerequiredtodeterminethepotentialforbioaccumulationthatcanbeinterpretedandmodeledforpredictingtheimpactofaccumulatedchemicals.Thedatacollectedbythesemethodsshouldbecorrelatedwiththecurrentunderstandingoftoxicityorhumanhealthriskstoaugmentthehazardinterpretationforcontaminatedsediments.1.1Thisguidecoversproceduresformeasuringthebioaccumulationofsediment-associatedcontaminantsbyinfaunalinvertebrates.Marine,estuarine,andfreshwatersedimentsareamajorsinkforchemicalsthatsorbpreferentiallytoparticles,suchasorganiccompoundswithhighoctanol-water-partitioningcoefficients(Kow)(forexample,polychlorinatedbiphenyls(PCBs)anddichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane(DDT))andmanymetals.Theaccumulationofchemicalsintowholeorbeddedsediments(thatis,consolidatedratherthansuspendedsediments)reducestheirdirectbioavailabilitytopelagicorganismsbutincreasestheexposureofbenthicorganisms.Feedingofpelagicorganismsonbenthicpreycanreintroducesediment-associatedcontaminantsintopelagicfoodwebs.Thebioaccumulationofsediment-associatedcontaminantsbysediment-dwellingorganismscanthereforeresultinecologicalimpactsonbenthicandpelagiccommunitiesandhumanhealthfromtheconsumptionofcontaminatedshellfishorpelagicfish.1.2Methodsofmeasuringbioaccumulationbyinfaunalorganismsfrommarine,estuarine,andfreshwatersedimentscontainingorganicormetalcontaminateswillbediscussed.Theproceduresaredesignedtogeneratequantitativeestimatesofsteady-statetissueresiduesbecausedatafrombioaccumulationtestsareoftenusedinecologicalorhumanhealthriskassessments.Eightypercentofsteady-stateisusedasthegeneralcriterion.Becausetheresultsfromasingleorfewspeciesareoftenextrapolatedtootherspecies,theproceduresaredesignedtomaximizeexposuretosediment-associatedcontaminantssothatresiduesinuntestedspeciesarenotunderestimatedsystematically.A28-dayexposurewithsediment-ingestinginvertebratesandnosupplementalfoodisrecommendedasthestandardsinglesamplingprocedure.Proceduresforlong-termandkinetictestsareprovidedforusewhen80%ofsteady-statewillnotbeobtainedwithin28daysorwhenmorepreciseestimatesofsteady-statetissueresiduesarerequired.Theproceduresareadaptabletoshorterexposuresanddifferentfeedingtypes.Exposuresshorterthan28daysmaybeusedtoidentifywhichcompoundsarebioavailable(thatis,bioaccumulationpotential)orfortestingspeciesthatdonotlivefor28daysinthesediment(forexample,certainChironomus).Non-sediment-ingestorsorspeciesrequiringsupplementaryfoodmaybeusedifthegoalistodetermineuptakeintheseparticularspeciesbecauseoftheirimportanceinecologicalorhumanhealthriskassessments.However,theresultsfromsuchspecies......
【中国标准分类号】:Z17
【国际标准分类号】:13_080_30
【页数】:57P.;A4
【正文语种】:英语